#Battle of Haengju

[k-star-holic]

I thought it was just a good-looking face... RO WOON, who suddenly emerged as a Choi Soo-jong contender

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.12

1096 – Pope Urban II confirms the foundation of the abbey of La Roë under Robert of Arbrissel as a community of canons regular. 1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. 1429 – English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings. 1502 – Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity. 1502 – Vasco da Gama sets sail with 15 ships and 800 men from Lisbon, Portugal on his second voyage to India. 1541 – Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia. 1593 – Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwon Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju. 1689 – The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication. 1733 – Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah. 1771 – Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden. 1817 – An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco. 1818 – Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile. 1825 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west. 1832 – Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands. 1889 – Antonín Dvořák's Jakobín is premiered at National Theater in Prague. 1894 – Anarchist Émile Henry hurls a bomb into the Cafe Terminus in Paris, killing one person and wounding 20. 1909 – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. 1909 – New Zealand's worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the SS Penguin, an inter-island ferry, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour. 1912 – The Xuantong Emperor, the last Emperor of China, abdicates. 1919 – The Second Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents is held by the Makhnovshchina at Huliaipole. 1921 – Bolsheviks launch a revolt in Georgia as a preliminary to the Red Army invasion of Georgia. 1935 – USS Macon, one of the two largest helium-filled airships ever created, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California and sinks. 1945 – A devastating tornado outbreak in Mississippi and Alabama kills 45 people and injures 427 others. 1946 – World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats. 1946 – African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the civil rights movement and partially inspires Orson Welles' film Touch of Evil. 1947 – The largest observed iron meteorite until that time creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union. 1947 – Christian Dior unveils a "New Look", helping Paris regain its position as the capital of the fashion world.

[pinturasdeguerra]

1593 Imkin war - Peter Dennis

Korean soldiers repel an attack by Japanese troops using Hwachas, an early prototype of multiple rocket launcher, during the Battle of Haengju (1593).

[shitonionsays]

Hilariously, there is a Kwon Yul in Yuri's bloodline; a military leader who rose through the ranks Kwon Yul (權慄 1537-1599) fought the Japanese invasions (same time as Admiral Yi). In the battle of Haengju, he commanded a force of 2,800 to defeat an invading army of 30,000. pic.twitter.com/BTCBerBKnB https://twitter.com/oniontaker/status/1319208224843730946 , in reply to https://twitter.com/oniontaker/status/1319206215394574337 Media: http://pbs.twimg.com/media/Ek7E455U8AEqAkX.jpg:large

[jibuyo]

Ishida Mitsunari - chronology

A post detailing Ishida Mitsunari’s career year by year. Might be updated from time to time. (last update October 18)

(months follow old Japanese system)

1560

Mitsunari was born in Ōmi province, Sakata-gun, Ishida-mura (Shiga prefecture, Nagahama city, Ishida-chō) as a second son to Ishida Masatsugu. Childhood name Sakichi.

1574 

While doing a training/studying at Kan’onji (Sakata-gun, Ōhara) [or Ika-gun, Furuhashi-mura’s Hokkenji ✶1], he met Hashiba Hideyoshi and became his attendant {at least that’s how the famous anecdote goes. There’s also a theory that Mitsunari became Hideyoshi’s retainer when he was 18 while Hideyoshi was at Himeji.}

1577 

It is thought that from this year Mitsunari started to serve as Hideyoshi’s attendant. (Hideyoshi’s conquest of Chūgoku)

He probably got married around this period.

1581

accompanies Hideyoshi on an attack on Sengoku Hidehisa (this probably comes from some story from Edo, but anything prior to 1583 is probably just Mitsunari following Hideyoshi around)

1583

March~April - During battle of Shizugatake against Shibata Katsuie, Mitsunari was collecting intelligence. His name was written using different kanji - 三也.

July - A letter addressed to Naoe Kanetsugu signed by Mitsunari (together with Mashita Nagamori and Kimura Kiyohisa) exists. 

1584

March - the battle of Komaki-Nagakute {it is said that he participated, but I’m not 100% sure}

continues writing to Kanetsugu (together with Mashita Nagamori and Kimura Kiyohisa)

November - he started to work as a land survey magistrate (検地奉行) for Ōmi province’s Gamō-gun (the possibility that he did is high) 

1585

March - possibility he was with Hideyoshi in Kishū province

July - Hideyoshi became the Regent and Mitsunari was given the fifth rank title Jibu no shō {together with other eleven people, for example Ōtani Yoshitsugu - Gyōbu no shō - and Mashita Nagamori}

switched from using “Sakichi” to “Jibu no shō”, changed his name from 三也 to 三成. 

August - Hideyoshi attacked Ecchū’s Sasa Narimasa. {It is said that Mitsunari went to Katsuyama castle to meet with Naoe Kanetsugu to organize meeting between Kagekatsu and Hideyoshi, but you know it might be just a story} 

1586

May - Uesugi Kagekatsu proceeded to the capital (Kyoto). Mitsunari went to meet him and together, they entered Kyoto.

June - Mitsunari was appointed to a governmental office (as a magistrate 堺奉行) in Sakai - worked together with Konishi Ryūsa (Konishi Yukinaga’s father). Ōtani Yoshitsugu acted as Mitsunari’s assistant.

During his time as a magistrate of Sakai, he met Luis Frois: “[Konishi] Ryūsa was the best, ideal person, the first Christian in the capital and friend of all Christians and a father of the navy captain [Konishi] Yukinaga. His coworker was Sakichi-dono, Kampaku-dono’s [Hideyoshi’s] vassal, big enemy of Ryūsa, who didn’t take any pleasure from Kampaku’s tyranny, and enemy of Christians. He was jealous, ambitious, arrogant and overall just corrupt.” Most likely around this time, there was an incident involving Japanese Christians (it happened in 1586). A merchant family Hibiya had a tea ceremony and something went wrong and Hibiya Ryōkei’s younger brothers Gaspar and Tōan (not Christian) were killed by Hibiya Sōsatsu’s (Lucas’) younger brother Ryōkan. Ryōkan killed himself at the scene. Because the Hibiyas were a rich merchant family, Hideyoshi used this opportunity to confiscate their tea utensils and other riches and ordered Lucas’ execution. This order was carried out by “Sakichi-dono”. He also ordered a capture of wives and children (between 2 and 15) and put them in a dark dungeon. In the end, only Lucas was crucified, because of a combined help of the two Konishis, Nene and other Christian maids who managed to talk Hideyoshi out of it. (more here, Sōsatsu was a terrible person, who kidnapped - and probably worse - his wife-to-be, Hibiya Monica)

1587

March - Hideyoshi left Osaka to attack the Shimazu clan. Mitsunari most likely went with him.

April - together with Otani Yoshitsugu and Ankokuji Ekei wrote a letter [hopefully more info will come later]

May - Hideyoshi attacked the Shimazu clan. Mitsunari served in logistics. He also worked together with Ankokuji Ekei. After Shimazu Yoshihisa shaved his head to request peace, Niiro Tadamoto was still resisting, but Mitsunari went together with Ijūin Tadamune to persuade Tadamoto and made him capitulate.

Participated in a poem meeting at Itsukushima shrine - 春ごとの頃しもたえぬ山桜よも霧島の心ちこそすれ

July 10 - back in Sakai.

Mitsunari was appointed as magistrate of Hakata (博多奉行). After that he commenced a reconstruction of the city. (on Kyūshū) ???

1588

Shimazu Yoshihiro met with Hideyoshi in Osaka castle.

He was in contact with Shimazu clan quite a lot in the second half of this year.

Mitsunari’s post as magistrate of Sakai was given to his older brother Masazumi.

1589

February - Hideyoshi ordered Honganji Kōsa (Kennyo) to hand over the rōnins he had with him and Mitsunari together with Mashita Nagamori took care of it.

June - Mutō Yoshikatsu from Dewa province came to the capital and Mitsunari and Nagamori welcomed him.

Together with Asano Nagayoshi (Nagamasa) he sent his retainers to do land survey in Minō province.

1590

February 28 - left Kyoto for Kantō.

April 3 - arrived close to Odawara, was stationed within Hideyoshi’s camp.

May 26 - attacking Tatebayashi castle,

June - Mitsunari, Ōtani Yoshitsugu, and Natsuka Masaie attacked Oshi castle. Later others joined as well (e.g. Satake Yoshinobu, Sanada Masayuki...)

July - Ōshū punishment. Gamō Ujisato, Asano Nagayoshi, Ishida Mitsunari etc.

September - he was in Ōshu until now, after that he returned back to Kyoto/Osaka.

December - went to Ōshu again.   

1591

January - arrived to Sōma.

February middle - returned to Kyoto.

April - Mitsunari became a governor of some parts of Ōmi (Sakata-gun where he was born) and Minō that were under the direct control of Toyotomi.

July~October - Because of Kunohe Masazane’s uprising in Ōshū, he was sent there with Asano Nagayoshi. In October he went back to Kyoto.

December 28 - Toyotomi Hidetsugu became kampaku.

1592

February - with Ōtani Yoshitsugu left Kyoto for Hizen-Nagoya.

March - became a boat-bugyō (船奉行) with Yoshitsugu and some other people.

June - Together with Mashita Nagamori and Ōtani Yoshitsugu crossed the sea to Korea to act as general magistrates.

July - they entered Hanseong (today’s Seoul) and opened war council with other generals.

Mitsunari, Yoshitsugu, Nagamori sent a letter back to Japan commenting on the situation (which wasn’t positive. “if it continues like this, Japanese will be eliminated” “you can’t enter China within a year”).

1593

January - Battle of Byeokjegwan with Mashita Nagamori and Ōtani Yoshitsugu

February - Siege of Haengju

March - started peace negotiations together with Konishi Yukinaga

May 13 - arrived back to Hizen-Nagoya (with Yoshitsugu, Nagamori, Yukinaga)

May 24 - left Nagoya to return back to Korea (with Yoshitsugu and Nagamori)

June - a peace treaty was offered by Hideyoshi with ridiculous conditions

July - with Yoshitsugu and Nagamori was ordered to do land survey of Echigo. He dispatched his vassals or subordinates.

His brother Masazumi was given a fifth rank title.

dealing with Shimazu

September - back in Nagoya

1594

March - Shimazu Iehisa that Mitsunari was looking after in Fushimi got an audience with Hideyoshi.

July - the land survey of Shimazu clan started

September 3 - Mitsunari’s mother’s funeral service was held at Daitokuji’s Sangen’in (Kyōto) ✶2

October - land survey of Satake clan

1595

June - Together with Mashita Nagamori and Maeda Gen’i went to Jurakudai to question the Regent Toyotomi Hidetsugu. 

July 12 - with Mashita Nagamori they had to swear their loyalty to Hideyori

July 15 - Hidetsugu committed seppuku at Mt. Kōya. His old fiefs in Ōmi go to Mitsunari and Mitsunari becomes a daimyō of Sawayama (a castle owner) with 194 000 koku (before he had 100 000 koku. In reality, Mitsunari was supposed to move to Owari-Kiyosu with 210 000 koku, but he refused(? there were change of plans?) and the fief went to Fukushima Masanori

Mitsunari and Nagamori were appointed governors of Kyoto.

August - land survey of Yamato (most likely, because it came under the direct control of main Toyotomi branch, because Yamato-Toyotomi was no more).

1596

January - Together with Mashita Nagamori, Maeda Gen’i, and Natsuka Masaie pledged their loyalty to Hideyori. ✶3

June - The Ming envoy comes to Osaka, Mitsunari is tasked with entertainment.

July 7 - earthquake in Fushimi, magnitude 7-8. Fushimi castle’s main keep was destroyed.

September - Hideyoshi met with the Chinese envoy in Osaka, got angry and decided to sent a new wave to Korea.

November 15 - the oppression against Christians was getting severe, so Mitsunari advised Organtino ✶4 to escape to Nagasaki.

December - Twenty-Six Martyrs of Japan - Hideyoshi ordered all Franciscans and Christians living in the Ōsaka-Kyōto area to be captured and executed. At that time, Mitsunari served as the magistrate of Kyōto and minimized the arrests and reduced the list of names heavily - to 15 names - (he tried to plead to Hideyoshi for not including Jesuits - and managed to exclude Takayama Ukon, one of the prominent Christian daimyō). In the end six foreign missionaries and friars and eighteen Japanese friars and believers were captured, transported to Nagasaki (on the way two others joined them) and crucified. Hideyoshi also ordered to cut off both ears and nose of those captured, but at the discretion of Mitsunari it stopped only at cutting of a left earlobe. (detailed post)

1597

February - among the seven overseers that went to Korea were Mitsunari’s brothers-in-law Fukuhara Nagataka and Kumagai Naomori.

Go-bugyō system was established. Asano Nagamasa was made the head of them.

It is believed that Mitsunari spent most of the year in Fushimi, acting as Hideyoshi’s agent. (Some of it is hinted in letters to Sanada Nobuyuki.)

1598

January - Uesugi Kagekatsu got relocated to Aizu. Mitsunari went to Aizu to inspect the fiefs.

May 3 - returned to Sawayama.

May 29 - he went to Chikuzen (Kobayakawa Hideaki’s old fief) as its governor {he refused to take the province as his own and move there from Sawayama, but he was still tasked with managing it together with Asano Nagamasa}

July latter half - returned to Kyoto/Osaka.

August 18 - Hideyoshi died at Fushimi

September 8 - Terumoto thanked him that he took some of old Takakage’s vassals as his own

October end - arrived to Hakata to withdrew forces from Korea with Asano Nagamasa and Mōri Hidemoto.

December 24 - returned to Ōsaka 

Dispute between Mitsunari (Konishi Yukinaga, Shimazu Yoshihiro, Kobayakawa Hidekane, Arima Harunobu, Ōmura Yoshiaki, Tachibana Muneshige) and Asano Nagamasa (Katō Kiyomasa, Kuroda Nagamasa, Kuroda Josui...), because of different views concerning withdrawal from Korea. ✶5 {Konishi and Katō hated each other, Konishi and Asano were also on bad terms, Mitsunari was Konishi’s “special close friend”} ✶6

1599

January 19 - Mitsunari/Toshiie publicly condemned Ieyasu for making personal marriage arrangements. The rest of the Elders and magistrates took Mitsunari’s side. 

February 2 - bugyō shaved their heads in Fushimi

March 3 (leap year) - Maeda Toshiie died

March 4 (leap year) - Katō Kiyomasa, Fukushima Masanori, Kuroda Nagamasa, Asano Yukinaga, Hosokawa Tadaoki, Hachisuka Iemasa, Tōdō Takatora launched an attack on Mitsunari. Mitsunari fled from Ōsaka to his own part of Fushimi castle - Jibunoshōyumaru. 

March 10/11 (leap year) ? - Ieyasu intervened, Mitsunari lost his post and was sent to Sawayama castle. The one accompanying him was Yūki Hideyasu, Tokugawa Ieyasu’s second son, who was given for adoption to Toyotomi Hideyoshi and skipped in favour of the third son Hidetada. ✶7

Summer - Maeda Toshinaga and Asano Nagamasa were suspected of rebellion/assassination of Ieyasu - the subjugation of Kaga. It is recorded that Mitsunari also departed to Echizen following Ieyasu’s orders. Maeda Toshinaga surrendered before any fight started and sent his mother as a hostage to Ieyasu. Asano Nagamasa was confined into his house in Musashi province and lost his magistrate post.

1600

((May - Kanetsugu Naoe sent “Naoe’s letter” and after that the subjugation of Aizu started)) {historians are divided if such a letter existed or not; there are several copies preserved, with different wordings.}

June 6 - Ieyasu leaves Osaka to subjugate Aizu.

Mitsunari promised Ieyasu to sent his eldest son Shigeie to participate in the subjugation of Aizu

beginning of July - Ōtani Yoshitsugu led his army to join the subjugation of Aizu through Ōmi and stopped at Sawayama

Ankokuji Ekei met with Mitsunari and Yoshitsugu

Mitsunari and Yoshitsugu rose their armies (and went to Ōsaka???)

July 15 - Shimazu Yoshihiro’s letter to Uesugi Kagekatsu makes clear that the main players are all in agreement: Mōri Terumoto, Ukita Hideie, magistrates, Konishi Yukinaga, Ōtani Yoshitsugu, Ishida Mitsunari

July 17 - Mashita Nagamori, Natsuka Masaie, and Maeda Gen’i made 内府ちかひの条々 (”things Ieyasu did wrong”) ✶8 public, i.e. sent to many feudal lords (noble families in Kyōto also got their hands on it). In the document, they condemned Ieyasu for all of his wrongdoings in 13 points. ✶9

July 18 - Mitsunari visited Hōkoku shrine in Kyōto (Hōkoku shrine - a shrine where Toyotomi Hideyoshi is enshrined) leading troops with him.

July 27 - Mitsunari was at Sawayama castle (received letter from Sanada Masayuki)

July 29 - Fushimi castle (but there were also rumors that he entered Osaka castle on this day)

July 30 - Mitsunari was at/entered Osaka castle

last day of July - Mitsunari sent a letter to Sanada Masayuki; three messengers arrived to Masayuki, two continued to Aizu 

August 1 - Fushimi castle fell

from August, letters signed by all four bugyō appeared, so Mitsunari was not “unemployed” anymore

August 5 - sent a letter to Sanada Masayuki, Nobuyuki, Nobushige

August 6 - sent a letter to Sanada Masayuki. He was at Sawayama castle.

August 8 - left Sawayama and proceeded on the way to Owari province (there were plans to capture Kiyosu castle)

August 10 - entered Ōgaki castle in Minō. Sent letter to Sanada Masayuki, Nobushige

August 26 - withdrew from Ōgaki castle back to Sawayama ??

beginning of September - back at Ōgaki castle

September 12 - sent letter to Mashita Nagamori talking about the situation. However, this letter is a copy; Shiramine Jun and Nakai Shun’ichirō believe that it might be fake

September 14 - Mitsunari, Konishi Yukinaga, Ukita Hideie, Shimazu Yoshihiro moved from Ōgaki castle (to Sekigahara/Yamanaka)

September 15 - the battle of Sekigahara. After he lost, Mitsunari ran away to the surroundings of Mt. Ibuki

September 17 - Sawayama castle burned down and Mitsunari’s father, brother and his family, and wife committed suicide (it’s possible that his wife escaped)

September 21 - Mitsunari was captured in Furuhashi and taken to Ōtsu castle

October 1 - Ishida Mitsunari, Konishi Yukinaga, and Ankokuji Ekei were executed at Rokujōgawara in Kyōto (before execution they were paraded around Ōsaka, Sakai, and Kyōto).

✶1 As a small child, Mitsunari studied at Hokkenji. Furuhashi is the place where Mitsunari escaped to after Sekigahara. It’s also a place where Mitsunari’s mother was born; her tomb used to be at Hokkenji.

✶2 This is the temple where Ishida Mitsunari’s tomb is.

✶3 Ishida Mitsunari, Mashita Nagamori, Maeda Gen’i, and Natsuka Masaie are future go-bugyō. The system of these four is already in business. Asano Nagamasa is added later.

✶4 Gnecchi-Soldo Organtino was an Italian missionary (a member of the Society of Jesus) who first came to Japan when Oda Nobunaga was alive and gained his trust and with his patronage spread Christianity.

✶5 There is no record of this in any of Japanese sources (apparently). This comes from the records of Jesuits, giving more of the background to the attack on Mitsunari in March 1599 (imo). Asano’s side tried to put pressure on Mitsunari’s side (and probably make him leave the office???), but with no success. However people on Asano’s side (Kiyomasa? Kuroda Nagamasa?) couldn’t stay quiet and started to appeal to important people, especially those who were on “the lord’s” (Hideyori’s) side. ETA: while the Jesuit record has it as Mitsunari vs Nagamasa, perhaps it’s actually better to be viewed as Mitsunari+Yukinaga vs Kiyomasa (I’ll think about it and change it accordingly, perhaps after reading more about Kiyomasa and Mitsunari after Korea)

✶6 as recorded by the Jesuits. As a side note, whenever Mitsunari and Yukinaga are mentioned in the same sentence, the friendship is always mentioned.

✶7 Mitsunari gave Hideyasu a sword that is now known as Ishida Masamune.

✶8 is there an official English title that’s used in historical books? I will go through Cambridge history later, though.

✶9 There’s no red seal for Maeda Gen’i’s signature, only black one, so only his name was used. He was sick during this whole period.

sources:

http://theology.catholic.ne.jp/?proc=japaneseslashshitsugi_oto

中井俊一郎「石田三成からの手紙」Sunrise publishing, 2015.

太田浩司「近江が住んだ知将　石田三成」Sunrise publishing, 2009.

三池純正「敗者から見た関ヶ原合戦」Yōsensha, 2007.

中野等「石田三成伝」2017.

http://ootanidatabase.web.fc2.com/nenpyou.html

白峰旬「豊臣公儀としての石田・毛利連合政権」史学論叢第 46 号（2016 年３月）

白峰旬「在京公家・僧侶などの日記における関ヶ原の戦い関係等の 　 記載について（その２）」史学論叢第 46 号（2016 年３月）

白峰旬「『十六・七世紀イエズス会日本報告集』における関ヶ 原の戦い関連の記載についての考察（その１）」

白峰旬「『十六・七世紀イエズス会日本報告集』における関ヶ原の戦い関連 の記載についての考察（その２）」

白峰旬「慶長５年６月～同年９月における徳川家康の軍事行 動について（その１）」

[k-star-holic]

Yoshihiro Akiyama' Shiho Yano falls head over heels in love with RO WOON..."How I cried over 'The King's Affection' performance"

Source: k-star-holic.blogspot.com

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.12

1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. 1429 – English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings. 1502 – Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity. 1502 – Vasco da Gama sets sail with 15 ships and 800 men from Lisbon, Portugal on his second voyage to India. 1541 – Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia. 1593 – Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwon Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju. 1689 – The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication. 1733 – Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah. 1771 – Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden. 1817 – An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco. 1818 – Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile. 1825 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west. 1832 – Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands. 1855 – Michigan State University is established. 1889 – Antonín Dvořák's Jakobín is premiered at National Theater in Prague 1894 – Anarchist Émile Henry hurls a bomb into the Cafe Terminus in Paris, killing one person and wounding 20. 1909 – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. 1909 – New Zealand's worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the SS Penguin, an inter-island ferry, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour. 1912 – The Xuantong Emperor, the last Emperor of China, abdicates. 1915 – In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. 1919 – The Second Regional Congress of Peasants, Workers and Insurgents is held by the Makhnovshchina at Huliaipole. 1921 – Bolsheviks launch a revolt in Georgia as a preliminary to the Red Army invasion of Georgia. 1924 – George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue received its premiere in a concert titled "An Experiment in Modern Music", in Aeolian Hall, New York, by Paul Whiteman and his band, with Gershwin playing the piano. 1935 – USS Macon, one of the two largest helium-filled airships ever created, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California and sinks. 1946 – World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats. 1946 – African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the civil rights movement and partially inspires Orson Welles' film Touch of Evil. 1947 – The largest observed iron meteorite until that time creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union. 1947 – Christian Dior unveils a "New Look", helping Paris regain its position as the capital of the fashion world. 1961 – The Soviet Union launches Venera 1 towards Venus. 1963 – Construction begins on the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri. 1963 – Northwest Orient Airlines Flight 705 crashes into the Everglades shortly after takeoff from Miami International Airport, killing all 45 people on board. 1965 – Malcolm X visits Smethwick near Birmingham following the racially-charged 1964 United Kingdom general election. 1968 – Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre. 1974 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, is exiled from the Soviet Union. 1983 – One hundred women protest in Lahore, Pakistan against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq's proposed Law of Evidence. The women were tear-gassed, baton-charged and thrown into lock-up. The women were successful in repealing the law. 1988 – Cold War: The 1988 Black Sea bumping incident: The U.S. missile cruiser USS Yorktown (CG-48) is intentionally rammed by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetnyy in the Soviet territorial waters, while Yorktown claims innocent passage. 1990 – Carmen Lawrence becomes the first female Premier in Australian history when she becomes Premier of Western Australia. 1992 – The current Constitution of Mongolia comes into effect. 1993 – Two-year-old James Bulger is abducted from New Strand Shopping Centre by two ten-year-old boys, who later torture and murder him. 1994 – Four thieves break into the National Gallery of Norway and steal Edvard Munch's iconic painting The Scream. 1999 – United States President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial. 2001 – NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid. 2002 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion. 2002 – An Iran Airtour Tupolev Tu-154 crashes in the mountains outside Khorramabad, Iran while descending for a landing at Khorramabad Airport, killing 119. 2004 – The city of San Francisco begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in response to a directive from Mayor Gavin Newsom. 2009 – Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashes into a house in Clarence Center, New York while on approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing all on board and one on the ground. 2016 – Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their split in 1054. 2019 – The country known as the Republic of Macedonia renames itself the Republic of North Macedonia in accordance with the Prespa agreement, settling a long-standing naming dispute with Greece.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.12

1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. 1429 – English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings. 1502 – Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity. 1502 – Vasco da Gama with 15 ships and 800 men sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal on his second voyage to India. 1541 – Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia. 1593 – Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwon Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju. 1689 – The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication. 1733 – Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah. 1771 – Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden. 1817 – An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco. 1818 – Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile. 1825 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west. 1832 – Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands. 1855 – Michigan State University is established. 1889 – Antonín Dvořák's Jakobín is premiered at National Theater in Prague 1894 – Anarchist Émile Henry hurls a bomb into the Cafe Terminus in Paris, killing one person and wounding 20. 1909 – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. 1909 – New Zealand's worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the SS Penguin, an inter-island ferry, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour. 1912 – The Xuantong Emperor, the last Emperor of China, abdicates. 1915 – In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. 1921 – Bolsheviks launch a revolt in Georgia as a preliminary to the Red Army invasion of Georgia. 1924 – George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue received its premiere in a concert titled "An Experiment in Modern Music", in Aeolian Hall, New York, by Paul Whiteman and his band, with Gershwin playing the piano. 1935 – USS Macon, one of the two largest helium-filled airships ever created, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California and sinks. 1946 – World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats. 1946 – African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the civil rights movement and partially inspires Orson Welles' film Touch of Evil. 1947 – The largest observed iron meteorite until that time creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union. 1947 – Christian Dior unveils a "New Look", helping Paris regain its position as the capital of the fashion world. 1961 – The Soviet Union launches Venera 1 towards Venus. 1963 – Construction begins on the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri. 1965 – Malcolm X visits Smethwick in Birmingham following the racially-charged 1964 United Kingdom general election. 1968 – Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre. 1974 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, is exiled from the Soviet Union. 1983 – One hundred women protest in Lahore, Pakistan against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq's proposed Law of Evidence. The women were tear-gassed, baton-charged and thrown into lock-up. The women were successful in repealing the law. 1988 – Cold War: The 1988 Black Sea bumping incident: The U.S. missile cruiser USS Yorktown (CG-48) is intentionally rammed by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetnyy in the Soviet territorial waters, while Yorktown claims innocent passage. 1990 – Carmen Lawrence becomes the first female Premier in Australian history when she becomes Premier of Western Australia. 1992 – The current Constitution of Mongolia comes into effect. 1993 – Two-year-old James Bulger is abducted from New Strand Shopping Centre by two ten-year-old boys, who later torture and murder him. 1994 – Four thieves break into the National Gallery of Norway and steal Edvard Munch's iconic painting The Scream. 1999 – United States President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial. 2001 – NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid. 2002 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion. 2002 – An Iran Airtour Tupolev Tu-154 crashes in the mountains outside Khorramabad, Iran while descending for a landing at Khorramabad Airport, killing 119. 2004 – The city of San Francisco begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in response to a directive from Mayor Gavin Newsom. 2009 – Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashes into a house in Clarence Center, New York while on approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing all on board and one on the ground. 2016 – Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their split in 1054. 2019 – The country known as the Republic of Macedonia renames itself the Republic of North Macedonia in accordance with the Prespa agreement, settling a long-standing naming dispute with Greece.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.12

1404 – The Italian professor Galeazzo di Santa Sophie performed the first post-mortem autopsy for the purposes of teaching and demonstration at the Heiligen–Geist Spital in Vienna. 1429 – English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings. 1502 – Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity. 1502 – Vasco da Gama with 15 ships and 800 men sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal on his second voyage to India. 1541 – Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia. 1593 – Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwon Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju. 1689 – The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication. 1733 – Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah. 1771 – Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden. 1817 – An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco. 1818 – Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile. 1825 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west. 1832 – Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands. 1855 – Michigan State University is established. 1889 – Antonín Dvořák's Jakobín is premiered at National Theater in Prague 1894 – Anarchist Émile Henry hurls a bomb into the Cafe Terminus in Paris, killing one person and wounding 20. 1909 – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. 1909 – New Zealand's worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the SS Penguin, an inter-island ferry, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour. 1912 – The Xuantong Emperor, the last Emperor of China, abdicates. 1915 – In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. 1921 – Bolsheviks launch a revolt in Georgia as a preliminary to the Red Army invasion of Georgia. 1924 – George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue received its premiere in a concert titled "An Experiment in Modern Music", in Aeolian Hall, New York, by Paul Whiteman and his band, with Gershwin playing the piano. 1935 – USS Macon, one of the two largest helium-filled airships ever created, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California and sinks. 1946 – World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats. 1946 – African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the civil rights movement and partially inspires Orson Welles' film Touch of Evil. 1947 – The largest observed iron meteorite until that time creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union. 1947 – Christian Dior unveils a "New Look", helping Paris regain its position as the capital of the fashion world. 1961 – The Soviet Union launches Venera 1 towards Venus. 1963 – Construction begins on the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri. 1965 – Malcolm X visits Smethwick in Birmingham following the racially-charged 1964 United Kingdom general election. 1968 – Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre. 1974 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, is exiled from the Soviet Union. 1983 – One hundred women protest in Lahore, Pakistan against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq's proposed Law of Evidence. The women were tear-gassed, baton-charged and thrown into lock-up. The women were successful in repealing the law. 1988 – Cold War: The 1988 Black Sea bumping incident: The U.S. missile cruiser USS Yorktown (CG-48) is intentionally rammed by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetnyy in the Soviet territorial waters, while Yorktown claims innocent passage. 1990 – Carmen Lawrence becomes the first female Premier in Australian history when she becomes Premier of Western Australia. 1992 – The current Constitution of Mongolia comes into effect. 1993 – Two-year-old James Bulger is abducted from New Strand Shopping Centre by two ten-year-old boys, who later torture and murder him. 1994 – Four thieves break into the National Gallery of Norway and steal Edvard Munch's iconic painting The Scream. 1999 – United States President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial. 2001 – NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid. 2002 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion. 2002 – An Iran Airtour Tupolev Tu-154 crashes in the mountains outside Khorramabad, Iran while descending for a landing at Khorramabad Airport, killing 119. 2004 – The city of San Francisco begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in response to a directive from Mayor Gavin Newsom. 2009 – Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashes into a house in Clarence Center, New York while on approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing all on board and one on the ground. 2016 – Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their split in 1054. 2019 – The country known as the Republic of Macedonia renames itself the Republic of North Macedonia in accordance with the Prespa agreement, settling a long-standing naming dispute with Greece.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.12

1429 – English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings. 1502 – Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity. 1541 – Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia. 1593 – Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwon Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju. 1689 – The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication. 1733 – Georgia Day: Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, by settling at Savannah. 1771 – Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden. 1817 – An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops at the Battle of Chacabuco. 1818 – Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile. 1825 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west. 1832 – Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands. 1855 – Michigan State University is established. 1894 – Anarchist Émile Henry hurls a bomb into the Cafe Terminus in Paris, killing one person and wounding 20. 1909 – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. 1909 – New Zealand's worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the SS Penguin, an inter-island ferry, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour. 1912 – The Xuantong Emperor, the last Emperor of China, abdicates. 1915 – In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. 1921 – Bolsheviks launch a revolt in Georgia as a preliminary to the Red Army invasion of Georgia. 1924 – George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue received its premiere in a concert titled "An Experiment in Modern Music", in Aeolian Hall, New York, by Paul Whiteman and his band, with Gershwin playing the piano. 1935 – USS Macon, one of the two largest helium-filled airships ever created, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California and sinks. 1946 – World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats. 1946 – African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the civil rights movement and partially inspires Orson Welles' film Touch of Evil. 1947 – The largest observed iron meteorite until that time creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union. 1947 – Christian Dior unveils a "New Look", helping Paris regain its position as the capital of the fashion world. 1961 – The Soviet Union launches Venera 1 towards Venus. 1963 – Construction begins on the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri. 1965 – Malcolm X visits Smethwick in Birmingham following the racially-charged 1964 United Kingdom general election. 1968 – Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre. 1974 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, is exiled from the Soviet Union. 1983 – One hundred women protest in Lahore, Pakistan against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq's proposed Law of Evidence. The women were tear-gassed, baton-charged and thrown into lock-up. The women were successful in repealing the law. 1988 – Cold War: The 1988 Black Sea bumping incident: The U.S. missile cruiser USS Yorktown (CG-48) is intentionally rammed by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetnyy in the Soviet territorial waters, while Yorktown claims innocent passage. 1990 – Carmen Lawrence becomes the first female Premier in Australian history when she becomes Premier of Western Australia. 1992 – The current Constitution of Mongolia comes into effect. 1993 – Two-year-old James Bulger is abducted from New Strand Shopping Centre by two ten-year-old boys, who later torture and murder him. 1994 – Four thieves break into the National Gallery of Norway and steal Edvard Munch's iconic painting The Scream. 1999 – United States President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial. 2001 – NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid. 2002 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion. 2002 – An Iran Airtour Tupolev Tu-154 crashes in the mountains outside Khorramabad, Iran while descending for a landing at Khorramabad Airport, killing 119. 2004 – The city of San Francisco begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in response to a directive from Mayor Gavin Newsom. 2009 – Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashes into a house in Clarence Center, New York while on approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing all on board and one on the ground. 2016 – Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their split in 1054. 2019 – The country known as the Republic of Macedonia renames itself the Republic of North Macedonia in accordance with the Prespa agreement, settling a long-standing naming dispute with Greece.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.12

1429 – English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings. 1502 – Isabella I issues an edict outlawing Islam in the Crown of Castile, forcing virtually all her Muslim subjects to convert to Christianity. 1541 – Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia. 1593 – Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwon Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju. 1689 – The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication. 1733 – Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, and its first city at Savannah (known as Georgia Day). 1771 – Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden. 1817 – An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops on the Battle of Chacabuco. 1818 – Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile. 1825 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west. 1832 – Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands. 1855 – Michigan State University is established. 1894 – Anarchist Émile Henry hurls a bomb into the Cafe Terminus in Paris, killing one person and wounding 20. 1909 – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. 1909 – New Zealand's worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the SS Penguin, an inter-island ferry, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour. 1912 – The Xuantong Emperor, the last Emperor of China, abdicates. 1915 – In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. 1921 – Bolsheviks launch a revolt in Georgia as a preliminary to the Red Army invasion of Georgia. 1924 – George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue received its premiere in a concert titled "An Experiment in Modern Music", in Aeolian Hall, New York, by Paul Whiteman and his band, with Gershwin playing the piano. 1935 – USS Macon, one of the two largest helium-filled airships ever created, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California and sinks. 1946 – World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats. 1946 – African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the civil rights movement and partially inspires Orson Welles' film Touch of Evil. 1947 – The largest observed iron meteorite until that time creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union. 1947 – Christian Dior unveils a "New Look", helping Paris regain its position as the capital of the fashion world. 1961 – The Soviet Union launches Venera 1 towards Venus. 1963 – Construction begins on the Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri. 1965 – Malcolm X visits Smethwick following the racial charged 1964 general election.[4] 1968 – Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre. 1974 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, is exiled from the Soviet Union. 1983 – One hundred women protest in Lahore, Pakistan against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq's proposed Law of Evidence. The women were tear-gassed, baton-charged and thrown into lock-up. The women were successful in repealing the law. 1988 – Cold War: The 1988 Black Sea bumping incident: The U.S. missile cruiser USS Yorktown (CG-48) is intentionally rammed by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetnyy in the Soviet territorial waters, while Yorktown claims innocent passage. 1990 – Carmen Lawrence becomes the first female Premier in Australian history when she becomes Premier of Western Australia. 1992 – The current Constitution of Mongolia comes into effect. 1993 – Two-year-old James Bulger is abducted from New Strand Shopping Centre by two ten-year-old boys, who later torture and murder him. 1994 – Four thieves break into the National Gallery of Norway and steal Edvard Munch's iconic painting The Scream. 1999 – United States President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial. 2001 – NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid. 2002 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion. 2002 – An Iran Airtour Tupolev Tu-154 crashes in the mountains outside Khorramabad, Iran while descending for a landing at Khorramabad Airport, killing 119. 2004 – The city of San Francisco begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in response to a directive from Mayor Gavin Newsom. 2009 – Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashes into a house in Clarence Center, New York while on approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing all on board and one on the ground. 2016 – Pope Francis and Patriarch Kirill sign an Ecumenical Declaration in the first such meeting between leaders of the Catholic and Russian Orthodox Churches since their split in 1054.

[brookstonalmanac]

Events 2.12

881 – Pope John VIII crowns Charles the Fat, the King of Italy: Holy Roman Emperor 1429 – English forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orléans in the Battle of the Herrings. 1502 – Vasco da Gama sets sail from Lisbon, Portugal, on his second voyage to India. 1541 – Santiago, Chile is founded by Pedro de Valdivia. 1554 – A year after claiming the throne of England for nine days, Lady Jane Grey is beheaded for treason. 1593 – Japanese invasion of Korea: Approximately 3,000 Joseon defenders led by general Kwon Yul successfully repel more than 30,000 Japanese forces in the Siege of Haengju. 1689 – The Convention Parliament declares that the flight to France in 1688 by James II, the last Roman Catholic British monarch, constitutes an abdication. 1733 – Englishman James Oglethorpe founds Georgia, the 13th colony of the Thirteen Colonies, and its first city at Savannah (known as Georgia Day). 1771 – Gustav III becomes the King of Sweden. 1814 – Battle of Château-Thierry 1814 – Battle of La Victoria 1817 – An Argentine/Chilean patriotic army, after crossing the Andes, defeats Spanish troops on the Battle of Chacabuco. 1818 – Bernardo O'Higgins formally approves the Chilean Declaration of Independence near Concepción, Chile. 1825 – The Creek cede the last of their lands in Georgia to the United States government by the Treaty of Indian Springs, and migrate west. 1832 – Ecuador annexes the Galápagos Islands. 1851 – Edward Hargraves announces he has found gold in Bathurst, New South Wales, Australia, starting the Australian gold rushes. 1855 – Michigan State University is established. 1894 – Anarchist Émile Henry hurls a bomb into the Cafe Terminus in Paris, France, killing one and wounding 20. 1909 – The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) is founded. 1909 – New Zealand's worst maritime disaster of the 20th century happens when the SS Penguin, an inter-island ferry, sinks and explodes at the entrance to Wellington Harbour. 1912 – The Xuantong Emperor, the last Emperor of China, abdicates. 1914 – In Washington, D.C., the first stone of the Lincoln Memorial is put into place. 1921 – Bolsheviks launch a revolt in Georgia as a preliminary to the Red Army invasion of Georgia. 1924 – George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue received its premiere in a concert titled "An Experiment in Modern Music", in Aeolian Hall, New York, by Paul Whiteman and his band, with Gershwin playing the piano. 1935 – USS Macon, one of the two largest helium-filled airships ever created, crashes into the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California and sinks. 1946 – World War II: Operation Deadlight ends after scuttling 121 of 154 captured U-boats. 1946 – African American United States Army veteran Isaac Woodard is severely beaten by a South Carolina police officer to the point where he loses his vision in both eyes. The incident later galvanizes the Civil Rights Movement and partially inspires Orson Welles' film Touch of Evil. 1947 – The largest observed iron meteorite until that time creates an impact crater in Sikhote-Alin, in the Soviet Union. 1947 – Christian Dior unveils a "New Look", helping Paris regain its position as the capital of the fashion world. 1954 – Lyons's LEO produces a payroll report. It is the first time in history a computer is used in business. 1961 – Soviet Union launches Venera 1 towards Venus. 1963 – Construction begins on the Gateway Arch in St. Louis. 1968 – Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre. 1974 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1970, is exiled from the Soviet Union. 1983 – One hundred women protest in Lahore, Pakistan against military dictator Zia-ul-Haq's proposed Law of Evidence. The women were tear-gassed, baton-charged and thrown into lock-up. The women were successful in repealing the law. 1990 – Carmen Lawrence becomes the first female Premier in Australian history when she becomes Premier of Western Australia. 1992 – The current Constitution of Mongolia comes into effect. 1993 – Two-year-old James Bulger is abducted from New Strand Shopping Centre by two ten-year-old boys, who later torture and murder him. 1994 – Four thieves break into the National Gallery of Norway and steal Edvard Munch's iconic painting The Scream. 1999 – United States President Bill Clinton is acquitted by the United States Senate in his impeachment trial. 2001 – NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid. 2002 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, begins at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia in The Hague, Netherlands. He dies four years later before its conclusion. 2002 – An Iran Airtour Tupolev Tu-154 crashes in the mountains outside Khorramabad, Iran while descending for a landing at Khorramabad Airport, killing 119. 2004 – The city of San Francisco begins issuing marriage licenses to same-sex couples in response to a directive from Mayor Gavin Newsom. 2009 – Colgan Air Flight 3407 crashes into a house in Clarence Center, New York while on approach to Buffalo Niagara International Airport, killing all on board and one on the ground. 2016 – Pope Francis met Patriarch Kirill at José Martí International Airport in Cuba, the first meeting between the pontiff of the Catholic Church and the primate of the Russian Orthodox Church, together they signed the Havana Declaration.